Circa 100,000 civilians killed in one night.
16 square miles of Tokyo burned.
Over 1 million people homeless.
Worse than either atomic bomb in immediate deaths.

Yet Japan did not surrender.

The lesson: This case highlights once again that punishing civilian populations is not what wins wars. Yet this idea persists to this day. For example, Israel calls it the Dahiye doctrine. Yet throughout history we see that countries can take enormous punishment and keep waging war.

What ends wars is when elites are cornered, see no reason to fight on, see enough benefits in surrender, or in the case of Nazi-Germany either kill themselves or start claiming they were only doing their duty.